Conflict of Interest

The Global Journal of Biosciences and Environment (GJBE) requires full disclosure of any competing interests that could be perceived to influence the research, its presentation, or its evaluation, from all parties involved: authors, reviewers, and editors.

What Constitutes a Conflict of Interest

• Financial: employment, consultancies, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patents or patent applications, grants, or other funding relevant to the submitted work.
• Personal: relationships (family, close friendship, or antagonism) with individuals involved in the review or publication of the work.
• Professional: current or recent collaboration, or institutional affiliation shared with an author, that could affect objectivity.
• Intellectual: strongly held positions on the topic of the manuscript that could be perceived as bias.

Author Disclosure

Authors must disclose all financial and non-financial competing interests in their manuscript, in a dedicated "Competing Interests" section. If there are no competing interests to declare, this should be explicitly stated (e.g. "The authors declare no competing interests."). All sources of financial support for the reported research must be disclosed.

Reviewer Disclosure

Invited reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest before accepting a review invitation and should decline the invitation where a substantial conflict exists (e.g. recent co-authorship with the submitting authors, direct competition, or a personal/financial relationship with any author).

Editor Disclosure and Recusal

Editors and editorial board members must recuse themselves from handling any manuscript in which they have a competing interest, including submissions from their own institution, recent collaborators, or family members. In such cases, the manuscript is reassigned to another qualified editor without the conflict.