Corrections & Retractions

The Global Journal of Biosciences and Environment (GJBE) maintains the scholarly record through a transparent process for issuing corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern, following COPE's retraction guidelines.

Corrections

A correction (erratum or corrigendum) is issued when a published article contains a minor but significant error that does not undermine the overall validity or conclusions of the work — for example, an author name misspelling, an incorrect affiliation, a data transcription error, or a figure/table error.

• The correction is published as a separate, linked notice, citing the original article.
• The original article is updated with a note and link to the correction.
• Corrections are issued promptly once verified by the editorial office.

Retractions

A retraction is considered when the editorial board concludes that the article's findings are unreliable due to misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. a major analytical mistake), when the findings have already been published elsewhere without proper attribution (duplicate publication), when the work constitutes plagiarism, or when it reports unethical research.

• The retraction notice is linked to the original article, states who is retracting the article and why, and is freely available.
• The original article is retained on the journal platform (marked as "RETRACTED") rather than removed from the record, consistent with COPE guidance and archival integrity.
• Where possible, the retraction process follows consultation with the authors; if authors do not respond or disagree, the editor-in-chief may nonetheless proceed based on the evidence, and the notice will indicate this.

Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be published, ahead of a full investigation's conclusion, when: there is evidence of unreliable findings but the authors' institution will not investigate; an investigation is underway but a conclusion will not be available for a considerable time; or there is credible evidence the findings are unreliable but the outcome of an investigation is inconclusive.

Initiating a Correction or Retraction

Authors who discover an error in their published work should contact editor@gjbe.org promptly with details. Readers or third parties who identify a potential issue with a published article may also raise it via the same address or the journal's Complaints and Appeals process. All reports are assessed by the editor-in-chief, consistent with the journal's Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement.